Ilorin Journal of Administration and Development
Ilorin Journal of Administration and Development (IJAD) (ISSN: 2536-7358) is a peer-reviewed journal, published biannually (June and December) by the Department of Public Administration, University of Ilorin. IJAD provides a platform for researchers, academicians, professionals and students to impart and share knowledge through high quality empirical, conceptual and theoretical papers, case studies and book reviews. IJAD welcomes original high quality manuscripts submissions from all over the world in the areas of knowledge related but not limited to Public Administration, Public Policy and Management, Political Theory, International Relations, Human Resource Management, Community Development, Local Government Administration, Gender and Equity Related Matters, Sustainable Development, ICT in the Public Sector, Public Financial Management, Industrial Relations and Conflict Resolution, Organizational Theory and Management, Economic and Social Development and Socio-Cultural Issues in Development.
Department of Public Administration, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
All articles published in the Ilorin Journal of Administration and Development (IJAD) are © [Author(s)], and are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Total Quality Management and Human Resource Functions in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH)
Total Quality Management (TQM), a core strategic management philosophy, is designed for quality of any organization based on the Human Resource and employees’ participation for patients/customers/clients’ satisfaction, and competitiveness. The paper examined the extent to which the Human Resource Department had implemented the TQM philosophy in ensuring that quality services are delivered to the employees and patients/clients and customers of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH). The study adopted the GAP model which highlighted the main requirements for delivering high service quality. Data for this study were gathered through secondary sources such as academic books, journals, periodicals, internet as well as other relevant health related policy materials. The study revealed that the UBTH Human Resource Department was faced with a lot of challenges in the implementation of the TQM philosophy. Some of the challenges included poor compensation regime, time constraints, insufficient resources, frequent turnover of staff, and inadequate manpower. The study concluded that though the UBTH practices the TQM philosophy, the implementation of the philosophy in the establishment has not been too effective due to a myriad of challenges. Some policy recommendations were made to the management of the hospital to include matching the achievement of quality goals with appropriate reward and recognition; ensuring that there is proper planning by which sufficient time is allocated to different duties; and adequate budget should be channeled to the implementation of TQM by the HRD.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Implementation Challenges of the Nigerian Student Loan Act of 2023
The Students' Loans (Access to Higher Education) Act of 2023 was enacted with the commendable objective of providing interest-free loans to indigent Nigerian students as a means of surmounting financial barriers to tertiary education. While the Act is a welcome policy step towards promoting equitable access to education, its enforcement has been met with significant challenges in practice. This study provides a detailed analysis of these questions, founded on a critical assessment of the provisions of the Act and an analysis of views of stakeholders. The main implementation challenges identified are: (1) the untenable and harsh eligibility criteria, such as the initial N500,000 family income threshold per year and the requirement for high-level guarantors; (2) the severely limited scope of the loan, which covers tuition alone and excludes other essential academic and living expenses; and (3) concerns over the feasibility and transparency of the Nigerian Education Loan Fund and its funding arrangements. Moreover, the high youth unemployment rate in Nigeria puts into question the feasibility of repayment of loans, which may lead to defaults on a large scale and undermine the long-term viability of the scheme. The paper argues that regardless of the good intention of the Act, its rigidity and the prevailing socio-economic climate in Nigeria endanger its goal, potentially disenfranchising a great majority of the intended population. It concludes by highlighting the need for a more inclusive, sustainable, and adaptable student funding model and that a root-and-branch revision of the Act, such as the one completed with the 2024 repeal and re-enactment, is essential to turn the noble dream of affordable education into a genuine reality for all Nigerians.
Conflict Management Strategies and Industrial Harmony in the Manufacturing Industry in Kwara State
Conflict is an inherent feature of organisational dynamics, particularly in manufacturing firms where close interactions between employees and management frequently give rise to disputes. In Nigeria, such challenges are evident in companies like Lubcon Nigeria Limited, Kwara State. While prior studies have largely emphasised managerial perspectives, employees’ views remain underexplored. This study examines the role of conflict management strategies in enhancing industrial harmony at Lubcon Nigeria Limited. Using a sample of 151 workers drawn from a population of 248 staff, data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed with regression techniques. The findings indicate that collective bargaining and compromise strategies have a moderately positive influence on industrial harmony. The study concludes that effective conflict management significantly promotes harmonious workplace relations and recommends that Lubcon Nigeria Limited strengthen the use of collective bargaining and compromise as strategic tools for sustaining industrial peace and organisational stability.
Enabling Employee Engagement In Lagos’ Private Secondary Schools: Do Emotional Intelligence and Team-Building Competencies in Middle-Level Leaders Matter?
In Nigeria’s private secondary schools, employee engagement is often undermined by low morale, limited support, and fragmented workplace culture. While principals typically receive attention as the main agents of change, this study shifts focus to middle-level leaders, such as heads of departments, subject heads, housemasters and housemistresses, whose everyday interactions with staff position them as vital but understudied contributors to school effectiveness. The study aimed to explore whether emotional intelligence and team-building competencies in these middle leaders influence employee engagement in selected government-approved private secondary schools in Lagos State. Using a cross-sectional survey of 582 teaching and non-teaching staff across 18 schools, data were analyzed with Hayes’ PROCESS macro to assess direct and mediating effects. Results showed that both emotional intelligence and team-building competencies had significant positive effects on employee engagement. Notably, team-building competency also mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and engagement. The findings suggest that building the emotional and relational capacities of middle leaders can foster a more supportive and engaged school workforce. The study recommends leadership development strategies that incorporate emotional intelligence and team-building training to maximise staff commitment and school performance. This study is unique in its empirical focus on middle-level leadership within Nigeria’s secondary education system, an area that has received limited scholarly attention despite its growing relevance.
Impact of Non-State Actors on Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: A Study of the Committee for the Defence of Human Right (CDHR)
Since Nigeria’s return to civilian rule in 1999, civil society organizations have played a pivotal yet understudied role in shaping democratic outcomes. This study examines the contributions of the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights (CDHR) to democratic consolidation, with a focus on its role in promoting the rule of law, electoral transparency, and institutional accountability. Framed within a structural-functionalist perspective, CDHR is analyzed as a stabilizing non-state actor whose legal interventions and civic engagements functionally support democratic governance. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining survey responses from 380 participants with analysis of 14 CDHR-led legal interventions and public campaigns between 2015 and 2024. Findings indicate that 62.1% of respondents view CDHR as effective in defending the rule of law, while 58.7% recognize its influence in enhancing electoral integrity. Empirical data show that in states where CDHR maintained active presence, voter turnout in the 2023 general elections was higher, and reported incidents of electoral violence were fewer. Specific legal actions such as injunctions against unlawful demolitions in Lagos, lawsuits compelling INEC to publish party finances, and advocacy during the #EndSARS protests demonstrate CDHR’s institutional relevance. However, regional disparities persist, as only 12.8% of respondents from northern states reported familiarity with CDHR’s activities, indicating a sharp visibility gap outside its southwestern base. Government pushbacks, including attempts to disrupt CDHR press events, further reflect institutional resistance. The study recommends the establishment of regional legal outreach hubs, localized civic education campaigns in vernacular languages, and consistent public reporting of legal outcomes as concrete steps to improve CDHR’s national visibility, impact, and policy traction.
Democracy, Rule of Law, Democratization, Civil Society
Impact of Customer Retention Strategies on the Corporate Performance of Supermarkets in Nigeria
The study investigated how switching barriers and loyalty rewards affected corporate performance in the Nigerian supermarket sector. The rising competition in retail demanded knowledge about how these strategies affected customer loyalty levels together with business success to ensure sustainable business expansion. A quantitative design structure guided the data collection process by distributing structured questionnaires to 543 customers of supermarkets in Osogbo, Ilesa, and Ile-Ife. The study evaluated 543 respondents based on Cochran’s calculation method. SPSS was used to conduct analysis on switching barriers and loyalty rewards and their impacts on corporate performance by utilizing multiple regression analysis. Corporate performance received major influence from switching barriers since the barriers explained 67.4% of corporate performance variations (R² = 0.674, p < 0.05). The result showed that loyalty reward programs produced substantial positive results which explained 53.2% of corporate performance differences (R² = 0.532, p < 0.05). The findings established that customer retention measures function as vital elements which boost business outcomes together with market competitiveness within the Nigerian supermarket industry. The competitive position of supermarkets could have been enhanced through better installation of barriers against customer switching by providing special services and benefits which build customer loyalty. Improved customer retention programs should have included personalized rewards bonuses and customized customer engagement practices because these elements boost ongoing customer visits while boosting sustainable business results
Enhancing Collaborative Governance and Intersectoral Coordination in Nigerian Public Service
A new governance system has evolved in the last few decades to replace managerial and adversarial approaches to policymaking and execution. As it has come to be known, collaborative governance convenes public and private stakeholders in group settings alongside public agencies to facilitate consensus-driven decision-making. This research paper explores the imperative of enhancing collaborative governance and intersectoral coordination within the Nigerian public service. Nigeria, like many other nations, faces complex societal challenges that require a holistic and collaborative approach for effective resolution. This article explores Nigeria's existing situation with collaborative governance, points out obstacles to intersectoral coordination, and suggests ways to improve cooperation between public institutions, private companies, nonprofits, and local communities. To achieve these objectives, this research employed a qualitative research design using observations, interviews, and document reviews. The data for the study was thematically analysed. The study found that while there are positive developments in terms of collaborative governance in Nigeria, more needs to be done through strengthening institutional frameworks, building trust, and enhancing capacities to ensure effective partnerships that deliver sustainable development outcomes. The study discovered that there are several case studies and best practices of collaborative governance and intersectoral coordination in the Nigerian public sector that showcased successful partnerships and approaches and informed policy and practice. The study recommends fighting the barriers and challenges hindering effective collaboration among government agencies, non-profit organizations, businesses, and communities. The study recommends that more needs to be done through strengthening institutional frameworks, building trust, and enhancing capacities to ensure effective partnerships that deliver sustainable development outcomes.
Local Government Sustainability in Nigeria: The Influence of Revenue Forecasting and Allocation
This study examined the sustainability of local government in Nigeria based on the influence of revenue forecasting and allocation using a quantitative approach. The study adopted a purposive sampling technique of employees working within local governments in three selected local government areas within the Kwara Central Senatorial District in Nigeria. 256 respondents were finally used for the final analysis. The result showed that revenue forecasting is significantly related to financial stability while revenue allocation is also significantly related to enhanced service delivery in the local government system. All hypotheses were significant at p<0.05. The findings of the study underscored the significance of revenue forecasting by adopting robust forecasting techniques and utilizing accurate data to enhance revenue projections. Local government administrators can consider employing advanced forecasting models and leveraging technological tools to improve the accuracy of revenue estimates and strengthen financial planning processes. Also, the significant influence of revenue allocation on service delivery highlights the need for transparent and equitable resource allocation mechanisms.
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National Microfinance Policy and Poverty Alleviation in Southwestern Nigeria
The study examined the thrust of the national microfinance policy; investigated the ease of access to the microfinance facilities by the prospective beneficiaries. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. The population (2,150) consisted of loan beneficiaries of Bank of Agriculture, Bank of Industry and Microfinance Bank in the selected States in Southwestern Nigeria. These were Ogun, Osun and Ondo. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 10% respondents from the study population, making 215 respondents as sample size for questionnaire administration. Interviews were conducted with the managers of all the selected banks. Secondary data were collected from Books, Official Document of the Central Bank of Nigeria and Federal Government Publications, Academic Journals and Articles. Data collected were presented and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. This study revealed that loan requests, loan grants and disbursements period were the key thrusts of the Microfinance policy. It also found out that collateral security is a leading criterion for ease of access to Microfinance loan facilities by the prospective beneficiaries with mean value (????̅=1.03). The study concluded that the National Microfinance Policy has significant impact on poverty alleviation in Southwestern Nigeria.
Flexible Work Arrangements and Employee Retention: Evidence from Nigerian Breweries Plc Workforce
One major driver of organisational success has been the retention of resourceful, energetic and productive employees. Retaining resourceful, energetic and productive employees in the competitive labour market has been a major concern and challenge to work organisations. Given this, this study investigated the influence of flexible work arrangements on employee retention among Nigerian Breweries Plc. workforce. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The unit of analysis was the Nigerian Breweries Plc and simple random sampling technique was used to selected respondents for the study from the target population. The underpinning theory for the study was psychological contract theory. The study found that flexible work arrangements significantly influence employee retention. Based on the findings, it was recommended that organisations should adopt flexible work arrangements, improve workplace counselling, entrench workplace counselling, formulate and implement workable flexible work arrangements policy for control, monitoring, evaluation mechanism, and invest in FWAs supporting technology, and infrastructures.
Public e-Service Delivery Challenges in Nigeria
Innovations in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and the resulting emergence of the internet were strong drivers for the shift from industrial to information age. However, significant growth is not yet recorded in Nigeria on the use of ICT in governance due to a number of challenges. For instance, in a recent ranking by the United Nations in 2022, Nigeria still record a middle EGDI score and rated 140th out of the 193 United Nation Member States. Even though Nigeria has moved three steps upward from the 2018 report, the rating is still low given the government’s effort in advancing public e-service delivery in Nigeria. It is in investigating the factors culminating into the poor EGDI rating that this study assumed importance. Using qualitative data gleaned from the ICT directors of eight (8) purposively selected Federal Agencies in Nigeria. The study finds that the challenges identified can be divided into national challenges such as infrastructural deficiency, inadequate supply of electricity, poor internet services and ICT illiteracy as well as peculiar challenges like data privacy and security concerns. The study thus recommended that government push massive investment in the provision of infrastructure that are critical to the success of the public e-service delivery initiative. In addition, government can rely on the Public Private Partnership (PPP) policy.
Conversion among Muslims and Christians in Jos North and its Effects on Peaceful Coexistence
The problem of forceful conversion from one religion to another has no doubt contributed to violence outbreak between Christians and Muslims in Jos. Some willing converts have suffered rejection from family members, thus casting dark spots on family relationships and peaceful coexistence. This study investigates conversion among Muslims and Christians in Jos North Local Government, and its effects on peaceful coexistence. The study employs descriptive survey design, and uses simple-random sampling technique to select its sample size. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data from respondents. A total number of 230 questionnaires were administered to respondents, and 200 were retrieved. Simple percentage was used to determine the frequency of occurrence of responses. The study reveals that, for some individuals, conversion from one religion to another has not really changed the coexisting relationship between converts and their family members, religion converted from and the general populace. Although, in many other cases, it affects the relationship between converts and their acquaintances. The study also shows that some conversion from one religion to another were on personal decisions, while others were due to external influence. The study underscores that religion plays an important role in shaping attitudes, thoughts, ideals and values of people. In view of the recurrent religious tensions between the two dominant religious groups in Jos North, the study concluded that there is a sustained culture of mutual suspicion and unhealthy rivalry between them, and this has also affected conversion from either Christianity to Islam or from Islam to Christianity
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Assessment of the contribution of Footwear and Leather training programme towards Skills acquisition
Footwear and leather goods training is a proven means of participants. Government budgets are overstretched so much that it is becoming glaring that it is difficult to accommodate the teeming job seekers into the payroll. To cushion this effect, Government at both federal and state level have emphasized the need for youths to focus on education that leads to skill acquisition so that they can survive after graduation. However, the growing trend and concern about youth idleness occasioned by shortage of skills towards capacity development for self-employment, entrepreneurship and wealth creation have called to question the ability of research institute like Nigerian Institute of Science and Leather Technology to meet up with the mandate of providing skills to the youths who have participated in the programme. Thus, the main objective of this study is to determine the effect of footwear and leather training programme of Nigeria Institute of Science and Leather Technology on self-employment among the graduates of the programme. The study employed quantitative research design method to investigate the relationship between NILEST footwear and leather training programme and skills acquisition. The sample size of 428 was used to collect data. Findings from the study revealed that NILEST footwear and leather training programme has a positive significant effect on self-employment among the participants. The study recommends that given the impact of the footwear and leather training programme on self-employment, the government should open more of such training institutes across the country to provide training geared towards self-employment.
Impact of Nigeria Police Force Microfinance Bank on the Sustainable Growth of Small and Medium Enterprise in Oshogbo Metropolis
It is impossible to overstate the importance of small and medium-sized businesses in creating jobs, reducing poverty, fostering economic growth, and increasing productivity. This study set out to investigate how the Nigeria Police Force Microfinance Bank affected the long-term development of SMEs in the Osogbo Metropolis. Data for this study was gathered from SMEs owners in Osogbo Metropolis who had accounts with NPF Microfinance Bank using a questionnaire. The Taro Yamane formula was utilized to determine the sample size. 322 of the 387 distributed questionnaires were deemed viable for analysis using regression analysis and SPSS software. There were two sections on the questionnaire. The demographic characteristics are in Section 1, and the questions on loan approval limit, loan criteria, turnover range, and access to finance for SMEs growth are in Section 2. MFB provides financial services, collateral for loan access, credit facilities to help low-income individuals, environmental development contributions, and loan services to support SMEs' survival. The results of the study showed that, with a value of.914 P <.05 and a t-value of 33.818, microfinance banks do not significantly affect the growth of SMEs. With a beta value of.732, a P <.05, and a t-value of 16.119, the six Cs of lending have an impact on MFB's capacity to lend to SMEs. The study suggests that NPF Microfinance Bank, particularly for the owners of SMEs, should ease the requirements for borrowing and lengthen the loan period for their clients. They should spread out the repayment over a lengthy period, and the Central Bank of Nigeria should examine and regulate the interest rate that the bank charges to protect small and medium-sized business owners from excessively high-interest rates. The NPF microfinance bank should increase its capacity by establishing a branch in each town in the selected area, especially in the rural areas. This will make the SME owners cultivate the habit of banking, which will enable them to access the facility of loans that will increase their productivity and growth, which will sustain their businesses and move them to the next level of operation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Akinpelu Ayobami KOLADE , Olarenwaju Patrick OLATUNJI , Olumide Olalekana OLALEYE , Moses Oluremi IYUN , Ngozi Fidelia OCHEI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Women and undue exclusion in paid employment in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria: Implications for Social Work practice
The study examined the broad issue of women exclusion in paid employment in Nigeria with Ilorin metropolis as a reference point. Despite several progressive actions undertaken by women movements and international bodies including the African Union to address women marginalization in employment opportunities, the males continue to predominate. The study relied on primary data (structured questionnaire with open and closed ended items) collected in three council areas of Ilorin metropolis, Kwara state. Findings of the study revealed that the cultural system of patriarchy and unsubstantiated religious beliefs have become highly embeded in almost every spheres of our lives that women are seen as secondary feathers. The study findings also revealed a significant association between educational level and women exclusion in paid employment (χ2=17.82, df =4, p <0.05 ). Similarly, there was an evidence of significant association between marital status/quality and women exclusion in paid employment in Ilorin metropolis (χ2=17.23, df =4, p <0.05 ) .The study therefore concludes that there should be a comprehensive policy review and strict adherence to issues related to the elimination of women marginalization in employment and other areas of economic activities
Copyright (c) 2023 Sunday Evaristus ABONYI , Janefrances Chisolum ONU , Titilayo Olamide ARINDE-SIMEON https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transformational Leadership and Organizational Productivity in the Nigerian Public Service
This study investigated the effect of transformational leadership on organizational productivity in the Nigerian public sector. Transformational leadership theory and social exchange theory framed the research. A survey was conducted among 115 administrative staff in the House of Assembly in Kwara State, Nigeria. The results showed individualized consideration, idealized influence, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation positively influenced organizational productivity, supporting the study hypotheses. The findings align with past evidence that transformational leaders enhance productivity by inspiring followers to higher levels of capability. The study makes key theoretical contributions by validating transformational leadership theory within the underexamined context of Nigerian public sector organizations. Practical implications are that public sector leaders should be developed on transformational leadership behaviours to leverage employee motivation and reciprocation. Organizational policies and culture also need realignment to enable transformational leadership practices. Overall, the study provides original empirical insights on transformational leadership’s role in improving organizational outcomes in developing countries’ public institutions.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Re-Examining the Regulatory Frameworks and Institutional Arrangements for Strategic Management of Public Service in The Gambia
This paper assessed the regulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements for strategic management of public service in The Gambia. The study reviewed and analysed policy documents related to the regulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements. Specifically, using qualitative (content) analysis of documentary data, the study addressed: (1) the 1997 Constitution, (2) the Statutes, (3) the Judicial Pronouncements (Case Laws), (4) Other (Secondary) Regulatory Instruments, (5) Institutional Arrangements, and (6) Analysis of strategic plans of five sampled public service organisations in the country. The findings showed that, although the regulatory frameworks are sufficiently contained in the 1997 Constitution, extant statutes and case laws, the institutional arrangements lacked adequate human capacity to commensurably transfer the regulations into the needed success for public service delivery. In addition, the study discovered that there was no specific policy on strategic plans formulation, implementation and evaluation for PSOs in The Gambia. The paper concluded that the judicial system of The Gambia has not presented any identifiable pronouncement whose ratio decidendi (“principle or rule constituting the basis of a court decision”) and obiter dictum (“opinion or a remark made by a judge which does not form a necessary part of the court's decision”) specifically bordered around the impact of strategic management on public service delivery.
Economics of Begging: A Critical Assessment of Socio-Economic Determinants of Begging in Nigeria
The prevalence of begging is a social issue that is prominent mostly in urban areas of many countries. To comprehensively understand the problem of begging and tackle the issue at the policy level would require the knowledge of what motivates people to beg and how the supply of the activity responds to changes in the income of the participants. This study, therefore, examines the socio-economic determinants of begging and estimates the income elasticity of begging in Kwara State, Nigeria. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to gather data from 153 beggars in the 16 Local Government Areas of the Kwara State using questionnaire and faceto-face interview. The study employed the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique to analyze the data collected. Findings reveal that employment status, access to public goods, physical challenges, and hereditary factors were significant determinants of the duration of begging. Stable employment and access to essential public services were associated with a reduced reliance on begging while physical disabilities and a family history of begging were positively associated with prolonged begging. Further, we found a positive income elasticity of begging. The study concludes that begging is a complex socio-economic phenomenon, with individual and systemic factors jointly contributing to its persistence. It is recommended that policymakers focus on job creation targeting marginalised and vulnerable populations; disability pensions and employment support for the disabled; improved access to public goods such as quality education, healthcare, and infrastructure and commuunity-led initiatives aimed at the social and economic reintegration of beggars.
Estimating the Determinants of Food Inflation in Nigeria
This study investigates the determinants of food inflation in Nigeria, with a specific focus the impact of interest rates, exchange rates, and crude oil prices. Utilizing an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the research captures both immediate and lagged effects of these macroeconomic variables on the food inflation rate from 1991 to 2023. The results reveal that interest rates have a significant negative impact on food inflation, indicating that higher interest rates tend to reduce inflation by curbing consumer spending and investment. The exchange rate demonstrates a mixed impact: while a weaker Naira initially raises food prices, the long-term effect shows a significant reduction in inflation, suggesting economic adjustments over time. Crude oil price was also found to have a positive and significant impact on food inflation rate in Nigeria. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive approach to macroeconomic policy, integrating interest rate adjustments, exchange rate stabilization, and measures to mitigate the impact of crude oil price fluctuations. The study provides empirical evidence to guide policymakers in formulating strategies to achieve price stability, economic growth, and sustainable development in Nigeria, emphasizing the critical role of coordinated policy interventions in managing food inflation.
Political Violence and Insecurity in Nigerian: Past and Present Experiences
Political violence is a major impediment to national security in Nigeria. The paper examined the political violence and insecurity in the past and present periods of Nigerian politics. It also assessed the causes and effects of political violence and insecurity challenges that confronting Nigeria society today, which emanated as a result of class struggle among the rich and the poor which epitomized to murder and assassinations, bombing of houses, cars, also kidnapping, armed attacks and many forms of crimes. The paper adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The secondary data collected were classified and analysed in a manner that ensured effective interrogation and presentation of the interests driving the debate on the subject matter to ensure adequate comprehension. The frustration aggression theory was used to explain the cause of political violence in Nigeria. The findings revealed that the causes of political violence were attributed to political leadership failure in the state but not poverty or unemployment. This paper will therefore examine the root causes of violence vis-à-vis insecurity, its effects and proffer strategies that will make the foreign investors and people to have a safe place to live in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Theophilus Olumuyiwa AGBOOLA , Olaleye Gideon ROTIMI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Information Technology Governance and Performance of SMEs in Nigeria: Evidence from Ilorin Metropolis
IT governance is one of the concepts that emerged recently and has become an important issue in the information technology arena especially regarding SMEs operations. Some organizations started with the implementation of IT governance in order to achieve the fusion between business and IT. Small and medium businesses account for the transition to a market economy while playing an important part in innovation, income generation and dynamism in economy and employment. This study examined Information Technology Governance and Performance of SMEs in Nigeria, generating data from selected SMEs in Ilorin Metropolis in Kwara State, Nigeria. The study used both primary data and secondary data. Primary data was gotten from the field while carrying out the research from selected SMEs while the secondary data were extracted from various literatures and annual reports available in the library as well as on the internet. Ordinal logit regression was used in testing the research hypotheses and the result revealed that there is a significant impact between portfolio management and SMEs performances. The study then concluded that SMEs should take into consideration their investment management as well as portfolio management in ensuring excellent outcome and achieving their mission and vision.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulrasheed Bolaji YUNUS, Dauda ABDULRAFIU, Lawal Subair MUHAMMED, Sherifdeen ALKADRIYAR , Olalekan Jubril5 OJURONGBE, Dauda AbdulBaki6 ABDULRASAQ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the Effect of Government’s Social Expenditure on Unemployment in Nigeria
This study examines the effect of government social expenditures on unemployment in Nigeria from 1990 to 2022. Using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method to analyse both the short- and long-run effects, the results revealed that population growth had a significant positive impact on unemployment, while education expenditure showed a positive but insignificant effect. Conversely, health and infrastructural expenditures demonstrated negative impacts on unemployment, suggesting that investment in these areas contributes to reducing unemployment. Based on these findings, it is recommended that policymakers increase public investment in the health sector and infrastructure. This could involve expanding healthcare infrastructure, enhancing funding for medical training programmes, and improving healthcare delivery systems. Furthermore, the government should prioritise and scale up infrastructure development projects, such as road construction, public transportation systems, and urban development initiatives. These projects have the potential to stimulate job creation across various sectors, including construction, maintenance, and management, thereby addressing unemployment and fostering economic development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rashidat Sumbola AKANDE, Kafayat Jumoke ABODERIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reviewing INEC's Groundworks and the 2023 Election Outcome: The Experience of Oyo State
The maintenance of democracy in any nation depends on the holding of credible, free, and fair elections. This study offered a thorough analysis of the groundwork made by the INEC for the general elections in 2023, with an emphasis on the election in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study analyses the numerous measures and methods implemented by INEC to promote a credible, transparent, and inclusive election process, drawing on a variety of primary and secondary sources. The study also included a critical analysis of the results of the elections in Oyo State in 2023, highlighting important trends, difficult issues, and noteworthy changes. Voter registration, the distribution of election materials, the behaviour of political parties, voter education and awareness campaigns, the function of security agencies, and the effectiveness of election monitoring mechanisms were only a few of the significant topics covered by the report. The experiences and viewpoints of major stakeholders are given particular consideration. The results showed both positive and constructive aspects of INEC's preparations for the elections in Oyo State in 2023. The use of technology for effective election logistics, improved voter registration procedures, and more public involvement in voter education programs were all positive achievements. However, difficulties like absentee voting, logistical snags, accusations of fraud, and security issues were also noted and debated. The study recommended that INEC should increase security measures, underlined the significance of timely election material delivery, ensure thorough training for election officials, and change voter registration procedure.
INEC, Groundworks, 2023 Election, Free and Fair Election, Electoral Reforms
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilorin Journal of Administration and Development
Retention Strategy and Customer Loyalty: An Analysis of the selected 2nd Generation Banks, Ilorin, Nigeria
This study examined the effect of retention strategies on customer satisfaction as evidenced by the selected 2nd generation banks within the Ilorin metropolis. Two research objectives were raised to guide the conduct of this study; (i) identify how the retention strategy (customer relationship management) adopted by the selected 2nd generation banks enhances customer satisfaction, and (ii) investigate the effect of the retention strategy (service quality delivery) on customer satisfaction of the selected 2nd generation banks. The study utilized a descriptive research design and collected data through a cross-sectional survey method. Three hundred and seventy-nine (379) validated questionnaires were distributed to the respondents, but only three hundred and sixty-three (363) were found usable, sorted, edited, and coded for the analysis. Findings revealed that customer relationship management and service quality delivery have a significant effect on customer loyalty with R2 =85.6 and 83.2 respectively. The study recommended that businesses should treat customer loyalty as a priority and not an option. Also, adequate funding must be provided to achieve the customer retention program.
Assessing the Impact of Perceived Job Insecurity during the Pandemic Era on Organizational Commitment among Employees in a Telecommunication Industry, Ibadan, Nigeria
The end of 2019 witnessed the emergence of a virus in Wuhan, China and the effect was felt throughout the globe. By the last count (WHO, 2021) in December, 2019 more than three million people have been tested positive to the virus and more than two hundred thousand people have passed on. The virus was medically identified as Coronavirus and generally called COVID-19 in recognition of the year of the emergence. The infection of the virus was so virulent and initially defiled any form of medical intervention and the various governments had to design measures to keep the virus from its boundaries by way of lockdown of activities thus having trimmed effects on businesses and governmental operations. In the light of these challenges, the study examined the perceived job insecurity in the Covid-19 period on organizational commitment among employees in a Nigerian telecommunication company. This was with a view to assessing the impact of perceived job insecurity during the pandemic era on organizational commitment among employees in the telecommunication company, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study population (131) consists of all members of staff of the Globacom Limited. A total number of 100 staff members of the Globacom Limited were randomly selected using cluster sampling technique. The study revealed that overall perceived job insecurity (x=54.00) during Covid-19 has significant effect on organizational commitment on employees of the telecommunication company. The study further revealed that telecommunication employees with low overall perceived job insecurity (x=65.75) reported more overall commitment than employees with high overall perceived job insecurity (x=50.50). The study concluded that perceived job insecurity in the Covid-19 period contributed positively to organizational commitment.
Ethics and Accountability: Rebuilding Trust in the Nigerian Public Service
The paper analyses the influence of ethics and accountability, regarded as the bedrock of effective service delivery, in the Nigerian public service. Provision of public goods for overall well-being of citizens is one of the core responsibilities of public institutions. However, the prevalence of unethical behaviours and lack of accountability in Nigeria, particularly in terms of financial corruption and other corrupt practices have continuously undermined the capacity of the government in the area of service delivery. Using a desk research approach, the paper explores data from existing documents and researches to distil the ethics and accountability content of the Nigerian public service. Four cases were purposively selected and interpretatively analysed to examine the link between ethics and accountability, and the issue of public trust in the Nigerian public service. Findings of the paper reveal that the erosion of public trust, and poor service delivery are some of the numerous outcomes of defiance to the principle of public ethics and accountability by both career non-career public officers in their conduct of official responsibilities. The paper concludes that rebuilding public trust in the Nigerian public service requires a wholesome commitment to the principle public ethics and accountability. Strengthening of anti-corruption agencies, sustained advocacy of transparency and accountability principles, effective service delivery, merit based recruitment, and improved welfare programmes are viewed as credible path toward rebuilding public trust in the Nigerian public service.
Public Trust, Patriotism and Civil Obedience in Nigeria during Pandemic
leadership of any given country. In Nigeria today, public trust, patriotism and civil obedience among the citizens have been eroded. Evidence has shown that the restoration of such is not anytime soon. Fundamentally, this study seeks to measure the amount of trust the public still have on its government. As a result, attempts are being undertaken to determine what is causing the public's trust to decline and Nigerians' lack of patriotism and civil obedience, particularly during the COVID 19 epidemic. To achieve the above objective, this study adopted both qualitative and quantitative method of data collections and analysis. In view of the above, primary and secondary sources of generating data are being utilized. Similarly, findings are being deduce from the obtainable results. This study therefore recommends that there should be improve transparency in communication, engagement of community leaders, religious institutions, design and implement targeted awareness campaigns, government should ensure equitable access to healthcare facilities, enhance governance practices, transparency, and accountability, government should always provide socioeconomic support to individuals and communities affected by the pandemic. Government should also strengthen public education programs on public health.
The Problems of Accountability and Ethics in Nigeria Civil Service: Way Forward
In this essay, the issue of ethics and accountability in Nigeria's civil service was evaluated. Accountability and ethics serve as quality-control measures that direct Nigeria’s public service’s norms, moral values, beliefs, and standards. As a result, unethical behaviour such as dishonesty, corruption, a lack of responsibility, disloyalty, nepotism, and favouritism has caused a severe issue for the ethics and accountability of the civil service, which has hampered its growth and development of civil service in carrying out its duties. This paper aims to find a way forward to tackle unethical problems. The study employed secondary data from articles published in reputable journals, conference papers, and relevant books. Deontological and obligatory theories were adopted as the framework of analysis. This study concludes that ethics and accountability play a very significant role in civil service growth and progress. However, the high level of corruption, disloyalty, indiscipline, nepotism, and other unethical practice has hampered the progress of respected organizations in Nigeria. The study recommends possible solutions that improve the moral standard in civil service delivery
Revisiting the Governance and Social Interface with Public Institutions: Code of Conduct Bureau and Public Complaints Commission in Nigeria
The social interaction between the government and its population is significantly shaped by the governance of public institutions. The Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB) and the Public Complaints Commission (PCC) are Nigeria's two main agencies in charge of upholding openness, accountability, and resolving public complaints. The objective of this study is to evaluate how well these institutions have performed their duties and promoted a strong social interface between the people and the government. A mixed-methods approach was used to collect data from key stakeholders through the administration of questionnaires and in-depth interviews. To contextualize how these organizations operate, a thorough analysis of legal frameworks, policy texts, and historical data was also done. The findings revealed that the institutions' efforts have not increased public service accountability and have not helped in consecrating transparency and probity in public governance. The establishment of the institutions have not helped to enhance employees’ performance in the public sector. Despite these shortcomings, the study identified exemplary practices and success stories within the institutions, highlighting their potential influence on advancing good governance and enhancing the social interface with the general public. The study concluded that the activities and performance of the institutions had a significant effect on governance in Nigeria. The study recommended strengthened legal frameworks; financial autonomy; enhanced training and capacity building; streamlined complaint handling mechanisms; whistleblower protection; public awareness; collaboration with civil society; e-Governance initiatives; institutionalized performance evaluation; and downplaying of political interference to improve the efficiency of CCB and PCC in Nigeria
Pattern of Party Switching in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic (2015 – 2021): Implication for Democratic Sustainability
One aspect of multi-party politics in Nigeria and Africa in general continues to be party switching. Political observers in Nigeria continue to be divided over the persistent practice of the phenomenon in the Fourth Republic, which is based on politicians’ lust for power. This situation vividly supports the claim that political parties and politicians in Nigeria lack party ideologies. This study examines party switching in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, between 2015 and 2021 with a view to establishing the pattern of occurrence as well as implications for democratic sustainability in Nigeria. Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Authors contributed immensely to the whole write-up. In analysing the data, descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis were used. However, findings from this study revealed that party switching is more prevalent at the National level and the movement of politicians revolves around the ruling party in the quest for political gains between 2015 and 2021. Furthermore, this study ascertained that the implication of party switching for Nigeria’s democracy is detrimental; hence, it aims at distorting democracy and weakening the spirit of opposition party politics in the country. This study will be beneficial to students, researchers, political parties, politicians, CSOs/NGOs and the general body of literature. This study draws a conclusion and suggests that in order to combat the threats party switching poses to the viability of democracy in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, policies like internal party democracy, party discipline, party and political ideology, as well as value reorientation, should be taken into account.